Organic synthesis plays is important for chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, agriculture and other fields. In some cases the target molecule has an unusual structure whose characterization may advance understanding of various theoretical aspects of chemistry. Such a molecule may possess particularly unusual patterns of bonding, such as a strained ring system or unique symmetry.
The heart of organic synthesis is designing synthetic routes to a molecule. Organic synthesis can be compared with architecture and construction, where the chemist must devise a synthetic route to a target molecule (a “blueprint”), then utilize a repertoire of organic reactions (the “tools”) to complete the “construction project.” Along the way, the synthetic chemist must make extensive use of analytical techniques for purifying and characterizing intermediate products as well as the final product.
The simplest synthesis of a molecule is one in which the target molecule can be obtained by submitting a readily available starting material to a single reaction that converts it to the desired target molecule. However, in most cases the synthesis is not that straightforward; in order to convert a chosen starting material to the target molecule, numerous steps that add, change, or remove functional groups, and steps that build up the carbon atom framework of the target molecule may need to be done.
Stereoselectivity cannot be achieved for all organic reactions; the nature of the mechanism of some reactions may not allow for the formation of one particular configuration of a chiral (stereogenic) carbon center or one particular geometry (cis versus trans) for a double bond or ring. When stereoselectivity can be achieved in a reaction, it requires that the reaction proceed via a geometrically defined transition state and that one or both of the reactants possess a particular geometrical shape during the reaction.
The achievement of stereoselectivity is an important aspect of organic synthesis, because usually a single stereoisomer of a target molecule is the desired goal of a synthesis. Sometimes the target molecule contains a chiral (stereogenic) carbon center; that is, it can exist as either of two possible enantiomers. The possible synthetic routes to the target molecule may not be selective for forming a single enantiomer of the target molecule; each would form a racemic mixture. (+)-Dibenzoyl-D-tartaric acid monohydrate(CAS:80822-15-7) is used as an intermediate in organic syntheses. In some cases, such nonstereoselective synthetic routes to a molecule are acceptable.
But if a synthesis of a single stereoisomer of a target molecule is required, the stereoselectivity of the reactions derived during the retrosynthetic analysis would need to be considered. The development of stereoselective reactions is an active area of research in organic synthesis.
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