Adenosine is a naturally occurring organic compound that is important to the biochemistry of living organisms, including humans. It can be used as a medicine for heart problems and swelling. The compound has a depressive effect on the nervous system and it is the blockage of adenoside receptors by caffeine molecules that causes the hyperactivity associated with caffeine intake. Caffeine has been shown to cause irregular and rapid heartbeats, which is a direct result of the adenoside receptor blockage.
It is a type of chemical called a purine nucleoside, a term describing its molecular structure. Purine compounds are composed of two linked ring-shaped structures of atoms called aromatic rings, which have unusually high chemical stability. A nucleoside is a compound in which a compound called a nucleobase, or simply a base, is bonded with a molecule of either ribose (C5H10O5) or deoxyribose (C5H10O4), both of which are simple sugars or monosaccharides. Adenosine consist of ribose combined with the purine adenine (C5H5N5).
Several important chemicals in the body are composed of adenosine combined with one or more phosphate groups. Adenosine monophosphate (C10H14N5O7P) is a type of chemical called a second messenger, which transmits chemical messages from the exterior of his cell to the interior.Adenosine diphosphate (C10H15N5O10P2) is produced by the breakdown of ATP and can be recycled to produce more ATP with the energy produced from food in animals or photosynthesis in plants. Adenosine triphosphate (C10H16N5O13P3), or ATP, is an important source of chemical energy for the body and powers many metabolic processes with the energy released when its chemical bonds break down.
In cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia or rapid rhythm of the heart, an intravenous injection of adenoside returns the heart to its normal beat. Adenoside does this by slowing the time it takes for electrical impulses to contract the heart, thus returning the beat to its normal rhythm. N4-Acetylcytosine(CAS No. 14631-20-0) is an intermediate used in the synthesis of adenosine.
Part of the reason for the effectiveness of caffeine (C8H10N4O2) as a stimulant is that caffeine can bind to the same receptors in cells and so interferes with the normal effects of high adenosine levels. Adenosine levels in the bloodstream also increase significantly in areas suffering from inflammation or restricted blood or oxygen supply, where the chemical helps to decrease inflammation and prevent cell damage.
While adenoside can be effective in treating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, it should not be used for these other heart conditions: atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. Patients with an S-A nodal dysfunction have been known to have a negative and sometimes fatal reaction.
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